Civil Rights Movement Essay Example for Free

Civil Rights Movement Essay Gandhi was an Indian civil rights leader. Throughout life he was misunderstood, defied in death and was taken to the point of error. Gandhi took down the British Empire, he improved the governments of the three nations, and he imbued the spirits of a global network of neo-Gandhians, like Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. If anyone could be described as the most adequate civil rights movement leader of the 20th century, it would be Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 and died January 30, 1948. Mohandas Gandhi was the last child of his father and his father’s fourth wife. In his youth years Gandhi was shy, he always spoke in a soft or gentle voice, and wasn’t a neither good nor bad student in school. Although he was an obedient child, one time Gandhi tried eating meat, smoking, and stole a little, which he later regretted. When Gandhi was 13, he married a girl named Kasturba in an arranged marriage. Kasturba and Gandhi had four sons and she supported Gandhis endeavors until her death in 1944. When Gandhi was 23 years old he set-off for South Africa once again, he arrived in British governed Natal in May 1893. Though Gandhi was hoping to earn a little bit of money and gain more knowledge about law, it was in South Africa that Gandhi changed from being a very quiet and shy man to a dedicated leader against discrimination. The beginning of this change happened while he was on a business trip that was taken a little while after he arrived in South Africa. Gandhi was in South Africa for about a week when he was asked to take the long trip from Natal to Transvaal, the province of South Africa for his case. It was supposed to be a several day trip, including transportation by train and by stagecoach. When Gandhi went on the first train of his journey at the Pietermartizburg station, railroad officials told Gandhi that he needed to move to the third-class passenger car. When Gandhi refused to move because he was holding first-class passenger tickets, a policeman came and threw him off the train. That wasn’t the end of the unfair treatment that Gandhi suffered on this trip. Gandhi wen and talked to the other Indians in South Africa. He found out that his experiences with the policemen were not rare mistakes, but instead these types of problems were common. During that first night of his trip, he sat in the cold outside of the railroad station after being thrown off the train, Gandhi debated whether he should go back home to India or fight the discrimination for all people. After thinking it through, Gandhi decided that he could not let the discrimination continue and that he was going to fight so that he could change the discrimination in South Africa forever. Gandhi spent the next twenty years working on improving Indians rights in South Africa. During the first three years, Gandhi learned more about Indian complaints that were made, studied the law, wrote letters to officials, and organized petitions. On May 22, 1894, Gandhi created the Natal Indian Congress (NIC). The NIC started as an organization for rich Indians, Gandhi worked hard and long to expand its membership to all classes and people who were in a high position. Gandhi became known for his activism. His acts were covered by newspapers in England and India. In a few short years, Gandhi had become a leader of the Indian community in South Africa. In 1896, after living three years in South Africa, Gandhi took a trip to India with the intention of bringing his wife and two sons back with him. In India, there was a deadly plague outbreak. Since back then they believed that poor health and hygiene were the cause of the plagues, Gandhi offered to help search for toilets, especially ones on a military base and offer suggestions for better supplies. Others were willing to search the toilets of the wealthy; Gandhi personally searched the toilets of the untouchables as well as the rich. He found that it was the wealthy that had the worst hygiene and health problems. After spending twenty years in South Africa helping fight discrimination, Gandhi finally decided it was time to head back home to India on July 1914. When World War I broke out during his journey, Gandhi decided to stay and help by forming another ambulance corps of Indians to help the British. As World War I reached its finale, it was time for Gandhi to focus on the fight for Indian politics. In 1919, the British gave Gandhi something worth fighting for the Rowlett Act. This Act gave the British in India nearly no restrictions to root out revolutionary elements and to restrain them for sure without trial. In addition to this Act, Gandhi organized a huge protest, which began on March 30, 1919. Even though Gandhi called off the protest, once he heard about the violence, over 300 Indians had died and over 1,100 were injured from British war in the city of Amritsar. The violence that formed from the protest showed Gandhi that the people didn’t fully believe in the power of Satyagraha. On March 1922, Gandhi was jailed for rebellion and was sentenced to six years in prison. After two years, Gandhi was released due to illness and needed surgery to treat his appendicitis. Upon his release, Gandhi found his country mixed up in violent attacks between Muslims and Hindus. As self-punishment for the violence, Gandhi began a 21-day fast, known as the Great Fast of 1924. Still ill from his recent surgery, many people thought he would die on day twelve, but he pulled through. The fast created a temporary peace treaty. Also during this decade, Gandhi began giving support as a way to gain freedom from the British. Unfortunately, not everyone was too happy with this peace plan. There were a few basic Hindu groups who believed that India should never have been divided. They blamed Gandhi for the separation. On January 30, 1948, the 78year old Gandhi spent his last day like all the other days. The majority of the day was spent debating problems with numerous groups and individuals. A few minutes past 5 p.m., when it was time for the prayer meeting, Gandhi started the walk to Birla House. A crowd had surrounded him while he walked; he was helped by two of his grandnieces. In front of him, a young Hindu boy named Nathuram Godse stopped before to greet him by bowing. Gandhi bowed back. Then Godse rushed forward with a gun and shot Gandhi three times with a black, semi-automatic pistol. Although Gandhi had survived five other assassination attempts, this time, Gandhi fell to the ground, dead.

THE APPLICATION OF GOLDRATT?S THINKING Essay -- essays research papers

Allied Academies International Conference page 9 Proceedings of the Academy of Strategic Management, Volume 2, Number 2 Las Vegas, 2003 THE APPLICATION OF GOLDRATT’S THINKING PROCESS TO PROBLEM SOLVING Lloyd J. Taylor, III, P.E., Ph.D., University of Texas taylor_l@utpb.edu R. David Ortega, University of Texas ABSTRACT The â€Å"Thinking Process† as introduced Dr. Eliyah Goldratt, in The Goal and further expounded upon in, It’s Not Luck, is based on the Socratic teaching method of if †¦then reasoning. This type of deductive reasoning is extensively used in the field of medicine, in the diagnosis and treatment of disease and for determining clinical pathways and other fields of science. Even though medical professionals find it easy to map out the cause and effect relationships when dealing with a disease process, few have explored the benefits of using their highly developed intuitive thinking skills in the area of solving problems in management. This paper will detail the use elements of the Thinking Process, as outlined by Dr. Goldratt, in an attempt to elicit a logical, comprehensive solution to a multifaceted, intricate problem. INTRODUCTION The emphasis of this paper concerned it’s self with the Thinking Process brought to light, by Elli Goldratt. Goldratt feels that companies should not be broken up to create efficiencies at any part of production. He suggests that by disturbing a link in the chain of production one could cause problems with production (Goldratt 1992-c). GOLDRATT AND THE THINKING PROCESS In the 1980’s, Dr. Eliyahu Goldratt [1992-c], a physicist, wrote a book entitled â€Å"The Goal.† In his book, Goldratt relates the story of an embattled plant manager searching for ways to improve plant performance. With the help of an old college professor, the plant manager not only learns how to improve the performance of his plant but also a new method of identifying and resolving problems. Goldratt’s Theory of Constraints (TOC) focuses on the efficiency of all processes as a whole rather than the efficiency of any single process. The principles of the Theory of Constraints and the Thinking Process are not new to the world. They have been used for many years in the sciences and medicine. What is new is the fact that Goldratt has applied the process to manufacturing and other areas of the business world. Dettmer [1998], Lepore and Cohen, [1999] and Roybal, B... ... Haven Connecticut. Goldratt, E. M., (1992-a), "An Introduction to Theory Of Constraints: The Production Approach," Avraham Y. Goldratt Institute. Goldratt, E. M., (1992-b), "An Introduction to Theory Of Constraints: THE GOAL APPROACH," Avraham Y. Goldratt Institute. Goldratt, E. M., (1992-c), The Goal, (2nd revised edition), Massachusetts, North River Press. Goldratt, E. M., (1993) "What Is The Theory Of Constraints?" APICS The Performance Advantage, June 1993. Goldratt, E. M., (1994), It’s Not Luck. Massachusetts: North River Press. Lepore, D., and Cohen O., (1999), â€Å"Deming and Goldratt, The Theory of Constraints and the System of Profound Knowledge,† Great Barrington, MA, North River Press Publishing Co. Rack, Kevin, (1992), â€Å"Using The Theory of Constraints The Systems Thinking Approach† Managing Change Inc, December, pp.1-20. page 14 Allied Academies International Conference Las Vegas, 2003 Proceedings of the Academy of Strategic Management, Volume 2, Number 2 Roybal, H., Baxendale, S.J., and Gupta, M., (1999), â€Å"Using Activity-Based Costing and Theory of Constraints to Guide Continuous Improvement in Managed Care,† Managed Care Quarterly, 7, 1-10. THE APPLICATION OF GOLDRATT?S THINKING Essay -- essays research papers Allied Academies International Conference page 9 Proceedings of the Academy of Strategic Management, Volume 2, Number 2 Las Vegas, 2003 THE APPLICATION OF GOLDRATT’S THINKING PROCESS TO PROBLEM SOLVING Lloyd J. Taylor, III, P.E., Ph.D., University of Texas taylor_l@utpb.edu R. David Ortega, University of Texas ABSTRACT The â€Å"Thinking Process† as introduced Dr. Eliyah Goldratt, in The Goal and further expounded upon in, It’s Not Luck, is based on the Socratic teaching method of if †¦then reasoning. This type of deductive reasoning is extensively used in the field of medicine, in the diagnosis and treatment of disease and for determining clinical pathways and other fields of science. Even though medical professionals find it easy to map out the cause and effect relationships when dealing with a disease process, few have explored the benefits of using their highly developed intuitive thinking skills in the area of solving problems in management. This paper will detail the use elements of the Thinking Process, as outlined by Dr. Goldratt, in an attempt to elicit a logical, comprehensive solution to a multifaceted, intricate problem. INTRODUCTION The emphasis of this paper concerned it’s self with the Thinking Process brought to light, by Elli Goldratt. Goldratt feels that companies should not be broken up to create efficiencies at any part of production. He suggests that by disturbing a link in the chain of production one could cause problems with production (Goldratt 1992-c). GOLDRATT AND THE THINKING PROCESS In the 1980’s, Dr. Eliyahu Goldratt [1992-c], a physicist, wrote a book entitled â€Å"The Goal.† In his book, Goldratt relates the story of an embattled plant manager searching for ways to improve plant performance. With the help of an old college professor, the plant manager not only learns how to improve the performance of his plant but also a new method of identifying and resolving problems. Goldratt’s Theory of Constraints (TOC) focuses on the efficiency of all processes as a whole rather than the efficiency of any single process. The principles of the Theory of Constraints and the Thinking Process are not new to the world. They have been used for many years in the sciences and medicine. What is new is the fact that Goldratt has applied the process to manufacturing and other areas of the business world. Dettmer [1998], Lepore and Cohen, [1999] and Roybal, B... ... Haven Connecticut. Goldratt, E. M., (1992-a), "An Introduction to Theory Of Constraints: The Production Approach," Avraham Y. Goldratt Institute. Goldratt, E. M., (1992-b), "An Introduction to Theory Of Constraints: THE GOAL APPROACH," Avraham Y. Goldratt Institute. Goldratt, E. M., (1992-c), The Goal, (2nd revised edition), Massachusetts, North River Press. Goldratt, E. M., (1993) "What Is The Theory Of Constraints?" APICS The Performance Advantage, June 1993. Goldratt, E. M., (1994), It’s Not Luck. Massachusetts: North River Press. Lepore, D., and Cohen O., (1999), â€Å"Deming and Goldratt, The Theory of Constraints and the System of Profound Knowledge,† Great Barrington, MA, North River Press Publishing Co. Rack, Kevin, (1992), â€Å"Using The Theory of Constraints The Systems Thinking Approach† Managing Change Inc, December, pp.1-20. page 14 Allied Academies International Conference Las Vegas, 2003 Proceedings of the Academy of Strategic Management, Volume 2, Number 2 Roybal, H., Baxendale, S.J., and Gupta, M., (1999), â€Å"Using Activity-Based Costing and Theory of Constraints to Guide Continuous Improvement in Managed Care,† Managed Care Quarterly, 7, 1-10.

Environmental economics Essay

Studies by economists suggest that markets become unproductive as external effects of electricity exploration, global warming and acidic rain water becomes rampant. Previous economic research and analysis overlooked this concept. Externalities, a sort of market failure, once it exists, it deviates the costs in a market from the true marginal costs and marginal benefits allied to the goods and services dealt with in the sell. Various forms of government intercession in the allotment of public goods, services and peripheral costs and benefits result in market failure (Pearce 41). The formation of property rights, conventions and market based taxes and subsidies change the marginal costs and benefits of a market. Introduction This study defines environmental economics as aspects of economics focused on environmental subjects. Externality is pointed out as a circumstance in which a private economy is deficient in incentives to create a prospective market in some good and the absence of these market consequences in the loss of effectiveness (Crocker and Rogers 67). Externality exists when an individual makes a preference that influences other persons that are not financially credited for in the market value. Economic externality is presented on every occasion the well-being of a person is shaped by the economic behaviors of others exclusive of fastidious notice to the welfare of that person. Market failure will imply that markets fall short to assign resources proficiently. This market failure takes place when the market does not allot limited resources like water and electricity to produce the utmost social wellbeing. Studies indicates that lodge subsist between what a specific individual does bestowed with market prices and what society expect the person to do to care for the environment. This lodge means profligacy, economic incompetence and resource allocation make, as a minimum, an individual more contented while making someone else worse off. Widespread types of market failure consist of externalities, non excludability and non contention. The environment has developed into a scarce resource. This facilitates economics to deal with scarce resources as well as environmental troubles. Economics makes sure that the marginal costs and the marginal benefits of environmental actions are proportionate. Estimation of these marginal costs and benefits pose a challenge as demand arises before environmental laws, regulations and policies are determined on a society level. Research shows economic and environmental aims are recognized as being incongruous. Choice has to be made between one another since they can not be reached concomitantly (Crocker and Rogers 67). For instance, externalities spawned in a localized area are restricted to this place and may brim over to further jurisdiction. Moreover, local governments may be well-versed about regulating use of electricity and prevention of water pollution in their jurisdiction. They accomplish these missions without minding the special effects of their proceedings of other jurisdictions. The continuation of locally-generated waste discharge impinges on the proper assignment of both costs and tax errands amongst altitudes of government. The study shows that local government can neither create nor address the externality. The examination of the connotation of decentralization for devising of counteractive policies is outlined (Crocker and Rogers 67). The economic justification requires the utilization of differential tariffs to direct economic externalities personified in paying for water and electricity services. Economic effectiveness obliges that taxes and subsidies are appropriate to internalize either external marginal costs or benefits. Products such as timber that causes widespread deforestation leading to destruction of water catchments should be differentially tariffed to stop expanding environmental externalities. The scale of tariffs necessary to offset the anticipated environmental dent is ever increasing. Services rooted at environmental conservation, use of electrical energy as opposed to coal, should be used as instances of positive externalities and be focus to a subvention. Smog-related diseases like bronchitis and asthma are linked to emissions of carbon dioxides from coal-burning factories (Seneca and Taussig 12). This ill health has far above the ground management costs that are not included in the electricity-use industries. Various environmental tribulations start from externalities of energy manufacture, distribution and utilization. Water pollution, global warming and acid rain are result from discharge of carbon, sulfur and nitrogen oxides coming from burning of fossil fuels. It is shown that oil spills, oil and gas drilling, coal mining and underground storeroom for oil and gasoline lead to marine dilapidation, wildlife obliteration and inaccessibility of quality of fresh water. The nuclear power industry together with desertification is ascribed to the current global warming. These negative externalities have sturdy socioeconomic and environmental welfare outcomes. Since market services establish a great deal of energy production and consumption, allied externalities are outside the capability of the market to determine. Consider how markets assign resources like energy capably. Figure 1a demonstrates a representative stipulate and supply diagram for a commodity (e. g. , coal) or service. In support of lots of goods, the demand curve mirrors marginal private benefit and the supply curve replicates marginal private cost, because merchandise are created and used privately. The marginal benefit curve, being downward-sloping, reveals that populace disburses less for extra units of commodities as they use more of them. The marginal benefit curve indicates people’s readiness to reimburse for commodities, hence the downward slope implies as the price of the commodities drops off, people are agreeable to buy more of them. This curve illustrates the quantity of a good that is required at each price. Correspondingly, the marginal cost curve shows the quantity that is produced per price. The upward slope of the marginal cost curve replicate rising costs of manufacture as well as the willingness of producers to avail supplementary goods at superior prices. Figure 1. The regions beneath the curves correspond to benefits from consumption, and costs of production, of an article of trade. Benefits and costs swell as more of the good or services is consumed and produced in that order. The benefits become higher than costs till the spot where Marginal Private Benefits contemporaries Marginal Private Costs, after that, costs become higher. As a result, disposable private benefits are capitalized when Marginal Private benefits contemporaries Marginal Private Costs, with Q units of the commodity are required and supplied at a cost of P. The region surrounded by triangle ABC in Figure 1a stands for greatest net private benefits. The diagram shows that Social Net Benefits are exploited when Marginal Private Benefits and Marginal Private Costs are very similar to Marginal Social Benefits and Marginal Social Cost, in that order. This implies markets proficiently apportion resources to attain this result. Market failure results every time deviation subsists between Marginal Private Costs and Marginal Social Costs, and between Marginal Private Benefits and Marginal Social Benefits. Research based on economics show that market failure is caused by externalities, imperfect markets, incomplete markets, public goods among others. It has been noted that social net benefits have to be used in taking into account how energy externalities inflict costs on society. Basing on the example above, private market forces encourage manufacture and use of Q units at a price of P and social net benefits are capitalized on at a point where Marginal Social Benefits are similar to Marginal Social Costs with manufacture of Q* units at a price of P*. From Figures 1b and 1c, greatest achievable social net benefits are characterized by triangles ABG and ABF, in that order. Market manufacture and use of Q units give social net benefits similar to region ABG a smaller region GCD in Figure 1b and region ABF not as much of region ECF in Figure 1c. Therefore externalities inflict costs on society by create impossibility to achieve greatest social net benefits. Negative externality like energy-relayed pollution entails private market production of a great deal of energy and pollution can be depicted by Figure 1b. Likewise, positive externality like tree planting enrichment by carbon dioxide release from the burning of fossil fuels entails that excessively tiny energy is produced can be shown by Figure 1c. This cases show that the market price for energy is very low. In truth, the preeminent representation of energy externalities would be that of Figure 1b, this is because pollution special effects overshadow the growing of trees hence the ensuing external result of energy manufacture and use is negative. The resolution to the tribulations created by energy externalities is to make the external internal, so as the external costs and benefits are built-in in the business and further behavior involved in the manufacture and use of energy. The behaviors like public policy which make use of a tax to elevate energy prices and control energy making to socially sought-after levels would resolve energy externality tribulations. Energy is a significant issue of production. Policies that influence energy price and quantity in the end shape the whole economy. Discussion From the analysis, the tribulations that energy externalities showed were actually made complex by factors like energy effluence, market failure concerns and unsuitable government intercession. It is only theoretical to internalize the externalities of air pollution and release that lead to global warming. Motionless power plants are bulky and not many (Hackett 280). They are run by proficient directors who most of the time presents undemanding local effluence patterns. On the other hand, mobile power plant sources of pollution are copious, run by persons and confuse local effluence outlines. Impurities build up in the environment have an effect on prospect generations, bring in intergenerational impartiality problems and problems (Tisdell 36). This is evidenced by excess carbon dioxide releases in the air causing global warming. Although carbon dioxide is linked to sharp increase in global warming and gradual changes in climate, it does not contribute to market and external marginal costs and benefits. Conclusion The study shows that the effect of energy pollutants on the environment can be confined to restricted, regional or even international area. As these regions of influence of pollutants enlarge beyond local borders, the political intricacy of taking on and putting into practice control procedures are compounded. Concerning level of pollution, Carbon dioxide effluence policy necessitates international support while sulfur oxide policies call for nationwide policy. Countries like United States employs use of a program to trade sulfur discharge while Japan taxes sulfur oxides, yet there little advancement in international effort to have power over carbon dioxide. Most of rising nations dread to involve themselves in carbon dioxide release reduction programs as they believe it will hold back their economic growth. The research indicates that the challenges facing energy externalities include the natural history of energy pollutant, uncertainty and dimension issue, income allotment, intergenerational impartiality, economic progress among others (Tisdell 36). The economic justification requires the utilization of differential tariffs to direct economic externalities personified in paying for water and electricity services. A final observation is that externalities, a sort of market failure, once it exists, it deviates the costs in a market from the true marginal costs and marginal benefits allied to the goods and services dealt with in the sell.

Relationship Between Unemployment And Inflation - 2301 Words

The relationship between unemployment and inflation has been the subject of heated debate, stimulate academic divide between macroeconomics because the relationship is difficult to explain. Rational expectations have been proposed by the new classical school of thought, there is not even a short-term trade-off between inflation and unemployment expected. Only a compromise when inflation is unanticipated. We think there is a compromise between the two, even in the short term, regardless of the fact that inflation is expected or not, and take the new Keynesian position on the issue. The relationship between unemployment and inflation is usually modeled within Philips Curve. Philips implied its empirical evidence that there was a stable relationship between inflation and unemployment proposed decision was a combination of the two menu choices, where they could choose any point along the curve between Philips points A and B where A is low inflation but high unemployment and B had low unemployment rates but high inflation. Many economists remain skeptical about the PC since, in classical microeconomic analysis, employment (and unemployment) levels depends on the real wage, not nominal wages as implied by the original PC .dropoff window This led Friedman to come with expectations increased PC. By integrating a theory of the formation of expectations in the behavior of workers model, the model allowed workers to take into account expected inflation. The model assumes the use ofShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Inflation And Unemployment1662 Words   |  7 PagesThe relationship between inflation and unemployment is a topic, which has been debated by economists for decades. It is this debate that has made the opinions about it evolve. In this essay, the controversial topic will be discussed by viewing different economists’ opinions on that according to time sequencing. Inflation is an increase in price levels within an economy. Basically it means that you will have to pay more for the same goods. Unemployment is even more straightforward. It means thatRead MoreRelationship Between Unemployment And Inflation1947 Words   |  8 PagesThe main aim of this chapter is to examine the relationship between two economic fundamentals inflation and unemployment using ordinary least square technique. The model regress the inflation rate against unemployment rate, and money supply over the period 1991-2014. 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TheRead MoreRelationship Between Unemployment And Inflation3391 Words   |  14 Pages[TYPE THE COMPANY NAME] Economics Assignment [Type the document subtitle] 1/18/2015 â€Æ' Table of Contents: Table of Contents: 2 Section 1: Relationship between Unemployment and Inflation 3 Unemployment: 3 Inflation: 3 Phillips curve: 4 SRPC- Short Run Phillips curve: 4 Real Life example of Unemployment in Australia 5 Section 2: Simple model of AD and AS 6 Aggregate demand and Aggregate supply: 6 What is AD or aggregate demand? 6 Consumption Expenditure: 6 Investment Demand: 7 Government Expenditure:Read MoreThe Relationship Between Inflation And Unemployment On Growth1553 Words   |  7 Pages The relationship between inflation and unemployment on growth remains a controversial one in both theory and empirical findings. Originating from the Latin American context in the 1950s, the issue has generated an enduring debate between structuralists and monetarists. 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